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    • 专利摘要:
    invention patent for: "marine seismic source". marine seismic source comprises a housing having a central axis, an open end and a closed end opposite the open end. furthermore, the seismic source includes a piston extending coaxially through the open end of the housing. the piston is adapted to alternate axially in relation to the housing. further, the piston has a first distal end of the housing and a second end disposed within the housing.
    公开号:BR112012016276B1
    申请号:R112012016276-4
    申请日:2010-12-19
    公开日:2020-03-03
    发明作者:Mark Harper；Joseph A. Dellinger；Martin Thompson；Graham Openshaw
    申请人:Bp Exploration Operating Company Limited；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    Descriptive report of invention patent for MARINE SYSMIC SOURCE.
    CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED ORDERS
    This application claims the benefit of United States provisional patent application Serial No. 61 / 290,611, filed on December 29, 2009 and entitled Marine Seismic Source, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all the ends.
    DECLARATION CONCERNING PE SQUISA OR DEVELOPMENT SPONSORED BY THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
    Not applicable.
    BACKGROUND
    Field of the Invention
    The invention refers, in general, to seismic exploration. More particularly, the invention relates to marine seismic sources for generating seismic waves.
    Technology Background
    Scientists and engineers employ seismic surveys for exploration, archaeological studies and engineering projects. In general, a seismic survey is an attempt to map the sub-surface of the earth to identify formation limits, types of rocks and the presence or absence of fluid reservoirs. This information greatly supports research related to water, geothermal reservoirs and mineral deposits, such as hydrocarbons (for example, oil, natural gas, etc.). Oil companies often use seismic surveys to prospect for underwater oil reserves.
    During an underwater or marine seismic survey, a source of acoustic energy, also referred to as a source of seismic energy or, simply, a seismic source, is introduced into the water, above the geological formations of interest. Each time the source is activated, it generates a signal of seismic energy that propagates downwards, through the water and the boundary of the seawater soil and in the underwater geological formations. Faults and limits between different rock types and formations and create differences in acoustic impedance that cause partial reflections of seismic waves. These reflections cause waves of acoustic energy in order to move up and out of the formation, where they can be detected on the seabed by a set of seismic energy receptors (for example, geophones on the ocean floor) or where they can be detected into seawater by a set of seismic energy receivers (for example, spaced hydrophones).
    The receivers generate electrical signals representative of the acoustic or elastic energy that arrives at their locations,
    The signals are usually amplified and then recorded or stored in both analog and digital form. The recording is done as a function of the time after the activation of the seismic energy source. The recorded data can be transported to a computer and displayed in the form of dashes, that is, graphs of the amplitude of the reflected seismic energy as a function of time for each of the seismic energy receivers. These exposures or data are subsequently subjected to further processing to simplify the interpretation of the seismic energy that arrives at each receiver in terms of the sub-layered layering of the earth's structure. Sophisticated processing techniques are applied, typically to signals recorded to extract an image of the sub-surface structure.
    There are many different methods for producing waves or pulses of acoustic energy for seismic surveys. Conventional seismic surveys typically employ artificial sources of seismic energy, such as explosives (for example, solid explosives or explosive gas mixtures, shot loads, air guns or vibrating sources) to generate acoustic waves. Some of these approaches provide strong acoustic waves, but can be harmful to marine life and / or be unable to generate energy only within a specified frequency range. A more controllable approach is the use of a seismic source of alternating piston marina or submarine. Traditionally, these devices use a piston that alternates against the water to generate sweeps of frequencies of acoustic energy, of prolonged time. The piston is driven by a source of mechanical force, which can be a linear actuator, a voice coil or a piezoelectric crystal transducer. The piston can be driven directly, with the movement of the piston almost entirely restricted, or it can resonate by balancing the forces of the water against an adjustable spring, with the driving force only completing the energy lost to the water. In addition, the piston can be partially restricted and partially allowed to undergo controlled resonance. The adjustable spring can be, for example, a mechanical spring, an inductive, electromagnetic, regenerative device, a pneumatic spring or a combination thereof.
    Figure 1 shows a simplified example of an alternative piston marine seismic source 10 disposed below the surface of the sea 11 in the water 12. The source 10 includes a cylinder 15 having a central axis 19 and a piston 20 disposed co-axially in the cylinder 15 The cylinder 15 has a lower end 15a open for water 12 and an upper end 15b closed with a lid 16. The piston seals the inner surface of the cylinder 15, thus defining a chamber or volume 17 within the cylinder 15, which it is filled with a compressible gas, such as air or nitrogen. The piston 20 has a flat or flat end 20a that faces and operates against water 12 at the lower end 15a of the cylinder 15 and a flat or flat end 20b opposite the end 20a, which faces the chamber 17. The piston 20 is coupled to a actuator 25 disposed in chamber 17 with an axis 21. Actuator 25 is fixed in relation to cylinder 15 with supports 26 and axially alternates piston 20 inside cylinder 15. While piston 20 changes, the flat face 20a acts against water 12 at the lower end 15a to generate waves of acoustic energy that propagate through the water 12.
    As shown in figure 1, in many conventional oscillating piston marine seismic sources, piston 20 has a flat surface 20a that faces and operates against water 12. In addition, piston 20 is arranged completely within cylinder 15. In particular, the open end of cylinder 15a extends axially beyond the flat face 20a of piston 20, thus defining a recess or water-filled cavity 21 in the open end 15a of cylinder 15. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling has indicated that for relatively low frequencies (for example, less than 5 Hz) and large amplitudes (for example, greater than 200 mm from peak to peak amplitude) of piston movement, the flat surface 20a and the recess filled with water 21, at the open end 15a of most conventional piston-driven seismic sources, they combine to produce undesirable turbulence in the water 12 near the open end 15a. For example, in figure 2, CFD modeling illustrates velocity vectors in water 12 around the open end 15a of cylinder 15. In particular, the turbulent vortexes 13, 14 are generated in water 12 inside and outside, respectively, the open end. Cylinder 15a 15. These associated turbulences and vortices, undesirably, cause a portion of the energy generated by the piston 20 and transferred to the water 12 to be dissipated, unnecessarily, in the heat, thus reducing the potential acoustic energy and the overall acoustic efficiency device 10. At higher frequencies and shallow water depths, another serious problem can happen with an oscillating piston seismic source - cavitation. In general, cavitation occurs when the local static charge height minus the local vapor charge height becomes less than the local piston speed for some point on the piston face. When cavitation occurs, seawater temporarily separates from the face of the movable piston, leaving a bubble of vapor or vacuum adjacent to that part of the piston face. The vacuum then drops violently, possibly damaging the piston face in the process. The fall also produces a violent impulsive sound, the prevention of which is at least one reason for using an oscillating piston source. Also, the abrupt collapse produces turbulence, which dissipates energy, unnecessarily, as heat, instead of as acoustic radiation.
    As a consequence, there remains a need in the art for marine seismic sources that produce energy in a controlled frequency sweep, which is prolonged in time, without any impulsive shocks and that produce energy only in the frequency bands of interest and not outside them, so that only the minimum required peak power is emitted at each frequency and all the energy emitted is useful. These sources would be particularly well received, if they could produce energy at frequencies less than about 8Hz, which has been difficult to obtain even today, using conventional air guns.
    BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE EXHIBITION
    These and other needs in the technique are addressed in a modality by a marine seismic source. In one embodiment, the marine seismic source comprises a housing having a central geometric axis, an open end and a closed end, opposite the open end. In addition, the marine seismic source comprises a piston extending co8 axially through the open end of the housing. The piston is adapted to alternate axially with respect to the housing. In addition, the piston has a first end distal to the housing and a second end disposed within the housing.
    These and other needs in the technique are addressed, in another modality, by a marine seismic source. In one embodiment, the marine seismic source comprises a cylindrical housing, having a central geometric axis, a first end and a second end, opposite the first end. In addition, the marine seismic source comprises a piston arranged, at least partially, within the housing, in which the piston is adapted to alternate axially with respect to the housing. The piston has a first end, a second end opposite the first end and a radially external surface extending between the first end and the second end. The external surface of the piston is arranged in an external radius R, which increases by moving axially from the first end.
    These and other needs in the technique are addressed in another modality by a system to carry out offshore seismic exploration operations. In one embodiment, the system comprises a seismic vessel, disposed on the surface of the sea. In addition, the system comprises an oscillating piston seismic source coupled to the seismic vessel and disposed below the sea surface. The seismic source includes a cylindrical housing having a central geometric axis and an open end. In addition, the seismic source includes a piston disposed coaxially in the housing and extending axially through the open end of the housing. The piston has a first end on the outside of the housing and a second end disposed within the housing. The piston also has an outer surface arranged in a radius R that increases by moving axially from the first end.
    Thus, the modalities described here comprise a combination of aspects and advantages aimed at addressing various deficiencies associated with certain devices, systems and previous methods. The various features described above, as well as other aspects, will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, upon reading the following detailed description and through reference to the attached drawings.
    BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
    For a detailed description of the preferred embodiments of the invention, reference will now be made to the accompanying drawings, in which:
    Figure 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a conventional alternative piston marine seismic source;
    Figure 2 is a computational model in fluid dynamics (CFD) of the conventional marine seismic source in Figure 1;
    Figure 3 is a schematic illustration of a modality of a marine seismic survey environment;
    Figure 4 is a cross-sectional view of an alternative piston marine seismic source modality according to the principles described here;
    Figure 5 is a perspective view of the alternative piston marine seismic source of Figure 4;
    Figure 6 is a side view of the alternative piston marine seismic source of Figure 4;
    THE figure 7 it's a model computational dynamics From fluids (CFD) gives figure 1; and THE figure 8 it's a model computational dynamics From fluids (CFD) gives alternative piston marine seismic source
    of figures 4 to 6.
    DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF SOME OF THE MODALITIES
    PREFERRED
    The following discussion is directed to various modalities of the invention. Although one or more of these modalities may be preferred, the disclosed modalities will not be interpreted or otherwise used as limiting the scope of the exposure, including the claims. In addition, someone skilled in the art will understand that the following description has wide application and the discussion of any modality only means that it is an example of that modality and is not intended to suggest that the scope of the exhibition, including the claims, is limited to that modality.
    Certain terms are used throughout the following description and claims to refer to particular aspects or components. As someone skilled in the art will appreciate, different people may refer to the same aspect or component by different names. This document is not intended to distinguish between components or aspects that differ in name, but not in function. The figures in the drawing are not necessarily to scale. Here, certain aspects and components may be shown exaggerated in scale or in a somewhat schematic form and some details of conventional elements may not be shown for clarity and conciseness.
    In the following discussion and in the claims, the terms including and comprising are used in an open-ended mode and will therefore be interpreted to mean including, but not limited to .... Also, the term coupling or coupling is intended to mean an indirect or direct connection. Thus, if a first device is coupled to a second device, that connection can be through a direct connection or through an indirect connection via other devices and connections. In addition, as used herein, the terms axially and axially, in general, mean along or parallel to a central geometric axis (for example, the central geometric axis of a structure), while the terms radially and radially, in general, mean perpendicular to the central geometric axis. For example, an axial distance refers to a distance measured perpendicular to the central geometric axis.
    Referring now to Figure 3, a modality of a marine seismic acquisition system 100 is shown schematically. System 100 is used to perform marine seismic exploration operations to survey geological formations below surface 110 of water 111. In this embodiment, system 100 includes at least one seismic survey vessel 101 that tows at least one streamer (seismographic floating cable) ) 102, including multiple seismic sensors or receivers 103, spaced evenly. Each streamer 102 can also include a diverter 104 and depth controller that operate to position streamer 102 at a desired travel distance from the vessel 101 and down to a desired operating depth below the water surface 110, respectively.
    Streamers 102 can be up to several kilometers in length and are usually constructed in sections of 100 to 150 meters, each section including a group of up to 35 or more receivers 103 evenly spaced. In general, receivers 103 may comprise any suitable type of seismic receiver, including, without limitation, hydrophones, geophones or combinations thereof. Typically, electrical or fiber optic cabling is used to interconnect receivers 103 on each streamer 102 and connect each streamer
    102 to vessel 101. Data can be digitized near receivers 103 and transmitted to vessel 101 via cabling at relatively high data rates (for example, rates above 5 million data bits per second). As shown in figure 3, the receivers
    103 are towed behind the research vessel 101. However, in other modalities, streamers (eg streamers 102) and receivers (eg receivers 103) can be positioned along the sea floor as seabed cables. Ocean. The receptors disposed on the sea floor can be autonomous nodes on the ocean floor. Alternatively, ship-towed streamers and ocean floor nodes can also be used simultaneously.
    Referring also to figure 3, system 100 also includes a marine seismic source 200. As shown in figure 3, source 200 is towed behind seismic survey vessel 101. However, in other embodiments, particularly those employing a source of casualties. frequency (for example, the low frequency source 200), the source is preferably towed behind a vessel other than the receivers (for example, receivers 103). Although there are many different types of marine seismic sources, in this embodiment, seismic source 200 is an oscillating piston source. Source 200 and receivers 103 are employed below the surface of ocean 110, the optimal depth
    depending on in a variety in factors, including, without limitation, at conditions of sea, traction force of equipment and from the track in desired frequency, the to be produced and registered. For an marine seismic source in
    low frequency, producing acoustic energy in the range of 28 Hz, for example, an optimal towing depth of the source is about 60 to 76 m.
    The equipment on board the vessel 101 controls the operation of the source 200 and receivers 103 and records the acquired data. Seismic surveys provide data to estimate the distance between ocean surface 110 and subsurface structures, such as structure 106, which is below seabed 108. By estimating various distances to a subsurface structure, geometry or topography of the structure can be determined. Certain topographic aspects and amplitudes of recorded seismic data are indicative of oil and / or gas reservoirs.
    To determine the distance to subsurface structure 106, source 200 emits seismic waves 107. some of which reflect outside subsurface structure 106 (as well as other subsurface structures) such as echoes or reflected seismic waves 109, which are determined by receivers 103. By determining the time for seismic waves 107 to travel from source 200 to subsurface structure 106 and reflect off structure 106 as echoes 109 to receivers 103, an estimate of the distance (horizontally and vertically) and the geometry of subsurface structure 106 can be determined.
    Referring now to figures 4-6, a modality of marine seismic source 200 is shown. The source 200 includes a radially external housing 201 having a central geometric axis 205 and an alternative piston 210 received, co-axially, by the housing 201. The housing 201 has an open first or end 201a and a closed second or end 201b. An end cap 202 seals the cylinder 210 and closes the cylinder 210 at the end 201b. In this embodiment, the end cap 202 includes a plurality of through holes 202a, b, c. Holes 202a allow compressed air supply line (s) 207 to pass through end cap 202 in housing 201; holes 202b allow hydraulic fluid supply line (s) 208 to pass through end cap 202 to housing 201 and electrical connections (eg, sensor cables, electronic control wiring, etc.) allow wiring and cables pass through end cap 202 in housing 201. For clarity, electrical connections and wiring are not shown in figure 4. Holes 202a, b, c include fluid-tight seals that allow q lines to pass through 207, 208 and electrical connections through end cap 202, while restricting and / or preventing (a) water from entering housing 201 at end 201b and (b) fluid flowing out of housing 202 at end 201b.
    As shown in figures 5 and 6, in this embodiment, the radially external surface of the housing 201 does not include any flanges, structures or appendages that extend radially outwardly. In other words, the radially external surface of the housing 201 is contoured continuously. As used herein, the term continuously contoured can be used to describe surfaces and profiles that are smooth and / or continuously curved so as to be free of extensions, sharp edges and abrupt transitions. In addition, the outer surface of housing 201 tapers or converges radially inward to the outer surface of piston 210 at end 201a in order to provide a smooth transition from housing 201 to piston 210 at end 201a.
    Referring to figure 4, in this embodiment, housing 201 includes a plurality of drain valves 206 and a plurality of sensors 209a, b, c. Sensor 209a is an internal pressure sensor that detects and measures pressure inside housing 201, sensor 209b is an external pressure sensor that detects and measures pressure outside housing 201 (that is, water pressure 111) and sensor 209c is a fluid level sensor that detects and measures the level of any liquid that may have made its way into housing 201.
    Piston 210 slidably fits the inner cylindrical surface of housing 201 and extends axially from the open end 201a of housing 201. Piston 210 alternates axially with respect to housing 201 to generate waves of acoustic energy in water 111. Together , piston 210, end cap 202 and housing 201 define an inner chamber 204 within housing 201 that extends axially between piston 210 and end cap 202. Inner chamber 204 is filled with a gas, such as air or nitrogen.
    The piston 210 has a central geometric axis 215 coinciding with the cylinder geometric axis 205 and extends axially between a first end 210a and a second end 210b. As previously described, piston 210 extends through open end 201a of housing 201. In particular, first end 210a is positioned outside housing 201 and connects with water 201 and faces inner chamber 204. A seal annular 211 is mounted on the internal surface of housing 201 and is positioned radially between piston 210 and housing 201. Seal 211 forms a dynamic annular seal 201. In other words, seal 211 is stationary in relation to housing 201. The seal annular 211 restricts and / or prevents fluid communication between chamber 204 inside housing 201 and water 11 outside housing 201. In this way, seal 211 restricts and / or prevents water 111 from surrounding the surrounding seismic source 200 from moving axially between piston 210 and housing 201 into inner chamber 204 and restricts and / or prevents gas in inner chamber 204 from moving axially between the piston 210 and housing 201 in water 111 surrounding the seismic source 200.
    Referring still to figure 4, unlike conventional alternative piston seismic sources (for example, source 10 previously described), piston 210 does not include a flat or flat face, which connects with water 111 to generate acoustic waves and, further, the source 200 does not include an open cavity or recess at both cylinder ends 201a, b. Previously, in this embodiment, piston 210 has a continuously contoured bullet-shaped surface for water 111. In addition, piston 210 extends axially through open end 201a and is dimensioned to eliminate any open recesses or cavities at the end open 201a. In particular, piston 210 includes a first section or segment 217 that extends axially from end 210a and a second section or segment 218 that extends from end 210b to first section 217. In addition, piston 210 has a radially outer surface 216, which extends between ends 210a, b.
    Referring once again to figures 4 - 6, the outer surface 216 is contoured continuously and, in general, in a bullet shape, along section 217 and is cylindrical along section 218. Specifically, the first section 217 has a outer radius R217 measured perpendicularly from geometry axis 215 to radially outer surface 216. Moving axially along the first section 217 from the first end 210a to the second section 218, the outer radius R217 increases continuously. At the first end 210a, the outer radius R217 is zero and, at the intersection of sections 217, 218, the outer radius R217 is the same as the outer radius R218a thus forming a smooth transition along the outer surface 216 at the intersection of sections 217 , 218. Thus, the outer surface 216 of piston 210 can be described as converging or tapering radially inward, moving axially from the second section 218 to the first end 210a. In this embodiment, the outer surface 216 has a generally parabolic profile along the first section 217 and thus is slightly convex between the end 210a and the second section 218. However, in general, the outer surface of the piston facing the water (e.g., surface 216) can have any smooth, continuously contoured geometry that tapers or converges radially inward as it extends from the cylinder (e.g., housing 201) including, without limitation, conical or hemispherical. In some embodiments, a plurality of ribs or raised fins, circumferentially spaced, extending axially, can be provided along the outer surface of the piston. These fins are preferably spaced evenly and circumferentially (for example, two fins spaced 180 ° around the central geometric axis of the source) and extend axially from the distal part or end of the piston (for example, extend axially from the end 210a).
    The geometry of section 217 can also be described in terms of the angular orientation of tangents to the external profile of section 217, at various points along surface 216, in profile view. As used herein, a profile view refers to a view of a structure or component on a plane containing the central geometric axis of the structure or component. Thus, a profile view of section 217 is a view of section 217 on a plane containing the central geometric axis 215 (for example, figure 4). As shown in figure 4, a tangent Ti to the surface 216 and the external profile of the section 217 at the end 210a (that is, at the intersection of the geometry axis 215 with the surface 216) is oriented at an angle q with respect to the geometry axes 205, 215, in profile view, a tangent T2 to surface 216 and the external profile of section 217 at the intersection with section 218 is oriented at an angle 0C2 with respect to geometrical axes 205, 215, in profile view, and a tangent T3 at surface 216 and the external profile of section 217 at a point between end 210a and section 218 is oriented at an angle of 3 with respect to axes 205, 215, in profile view. In this modality, the tangent Tj is perpendicular to the geometric axes 205,
    215, in profile view, and thus the angle cti has 90 °, the tangent T 2 is parallel to the geometric axes 205, 215, in profile view, and thus the angle a 2 has 0 o and the tangent T 3 is oriented at an acute angle (that is, between 0 o and 90 °) in relation to the geometric axes 205,
    215, in profile view. In fact, at each point along the eternal profile of the section 217 between the end 210a and the section 218, the tangent to the surface 216, in profile view, is an acute angle in relation to the geometric axes 205, 215. More specifically, the movement of the end 210a to the 10 section 218 along the surface 216 and the external profile of the section 217, in profile view, the angular orientation of each
    tangent to the surface 216 decreases from 90 ° at the end 210a (this is, α, ι) for 0 o in intersection of sections 217, 218 (this is, to 2 ). 15 As previously described, O piston 210 if extends
    axially through the open end 201a of housing 201. In particular, piston 210 and housing 201 are dimensioned and configured to prevent and eliminate the formation of a cavity or indentation filled with water at the end 2Ό - abe-r-ta -2 -0-1-a - ^ - In this-fashion-deal-of-, - during- the ... operation. .da., source 200 and piston 210 alternating with housing 201, the first section 217 is positioned external to the alo201. In other words, during piston alternation 210, at least a portion of the second section 218 extends axially from end 201a or is axially aligned therewith. In this way, the first section 217 does not pass axially through the open end 201a, during operation of the source 200. Also, as previously described, the section 218 slidably fits the housing 201. In this way, no cavity or recess filled with water is formed at open end 201a during operation of the source 200.
    Depending on the application and the desired acoustic waves, the maximum external piston radius (for example, the external radius R218 of the second section 218 of piston 210) and the cylinder (for example, housing radius 201) can be varied. Typically, the piston will have a maximum external radius of the order, approximately, half a meter to a few meters, depending on the desired frequency and amplitude range of acoustic radiation to be produced.
    Referring once again to Figure 4, an elongated axis 220 having a central geometry axis 225 coinciding with the housing geometry axis 205 extends axially between a first end 220a coupled to piston 210 and a second end 220b distal to piston 210. The axis 220 is slidably supported by a linear bearing 221 which allows the axis 220 to move axially with respect to housing 201 and bearing 221. A plurality of circumferentially spaced support elements 223 extend radially through chamber 204 of housing 201 to bearing 221 and function to support and maintain the position of bearing 221 within housing 201.
    In this embodiment, the seismic source 200 also includes an adjustable gas spring assembly 230 arranged within the source chamber 204. The gas spring assembly 230 comprises a gas spring cylinder 231 arranged co-axially within housing 201, a gas spring piston 240, coaxially disposed within cylinder 231, a compressor piston 245 coaxially disposed within cylinder 231 and axially spaced from gas spring piston 240 and a linear actuator 250. 0 gas spring cylinder 231 extends axially between a first end 231a axially supporting the bearing 221 and a second end 231b opposite the first end 230a and includes an inner cylindrical chamber 235. The gas spring cylinder 231 is supported by a plurality of circumferentially spaced support elements 233 extending radially through chamber 204 of the housing to the gas spring cylinder 231. As will be described in more detail below, axis 2 20 extends co-axially through a gas spring cylinder 231.
    An end cap 232 extends radially between the shaft 220 and the gas spring cylinder 231, at the end 231a.
    The end cap 232 seals the end 231a of the cylinder 231 sealingly and seals the shaft 220 which extends through it - a radially external annular static seal is formed between the end cap 232 and the cylinder 231 and a dynamic seal, radially internal, is formed between the end cap 232 and the shaft 220. The static seal, radially external, between the end cap and the cylinder 231, and the radially internal seal between the end cap 237 and the axis 220 restrict and / or prevent fluid communication between the chamber 235 of the gas spring and the source chamber 204 disposed around the chamber 235, at the end 231a. In this embodiment, the radially internal seal between the end cap 232 and the shaft 220 is formed by an annular seal 234, which statically fits the end cap 232 and dynamically engages the shaft 220.
    Referring still to figure 4, a gas spring piston 240 is disposed inside the gas spring cylinder 231 and is positioned, axially, between the end cap 232 and the compressor piston 245. The piston 240 is fixed to the shaft 220 so that piston 240 does not move rotationally or translationally in relation to shaft 220. In other words, piston 240 moves along shaft 220. An annular seal 241 is arranged around piston 240 and fits, sealingly, the gas spring cylinder 231. The seal 241 forms a static annular seal with the piston 240 and a dynamic annular seal with the gas spring cylinder 231.
    The annular compressor piston 245 is arranged co-axially within chamber 235 and is spaced, axially, from piston 240. Piston 245 is arranged around and slidably fits the shaft
    220. Thus, unlike piston 240, previously described, compressor piston 245 is free to move axially with respect to shaft 220. An annular seal 24 6 is arranged radially between piston 245 and the spring cylinder 10 gas 231 and an annular seal 247 is arranged radially between piston 245 and shaft 220. Seals 246, 247 form static annular seals with piston 245 and dynamic annular seals with gas spring cylinder 231 and shaft 220, respectively .
    Pistons 240, 245 divide inner chamber 235 of gas spring cylinder 231 into a first chamber 235a that extends axially between end cap 232 and piston 240 and second chamber 235b that extends axially between pistons 240, 245 The first chamber 235a can be described as being defined by the gas spring cylinder 231, the piston 240 and the end cap 232 and the second chamber
    235b can be described as defined by the gas spring cylinder 231, piston 240 and compressor piston 245. The total mass of gas in chambers 235a, b is fixed during operation of the source 200, however, the total volume within of the chambers 235a, 235b is varied controllably during the operation of the source 200. In particular, the axial distance between the pistons 210, 240 is fixed, since both pistons, 210 and 240, are fixed to the axis 220. Thus, as piston 210 oscillates within housing 201, piston 240 also oscillates the axial movements of piston 210 are transferred to piston 240 by shaft 220. As a result, the volume and therefore pressure within chambers 235a, b varies over time due to piston oscillations 210, 240.
    Referring still to figure 4, the compressor piston 245 is coupled to the thrust fork 249 and the thrust fork 249 is coupled to the linear actuator 250, which has a relatively large mechanical impedance for the movement of piston 245, when compared to mechanical impedance presented by fluid pressure inside chambers 235a, b. A hydraulic ram 251, including a load cell, is axially coupled to fork 249 and actuator 250. A plurality of circumferentially spaced support elements 252 extend radially from ram 252 to housing 201 and function to support and maintain the position of the ram 251, actuator 250 and fork 249 inside housing 201. In this embodiment, ram 251 is a hydraulic ram driven by the hydraulic fluid provided through the hydraulic fluid supply line 208. However, in other embodiments, the ram (for example, example, ram 251) may be a different type of ram, such as an electric ram.
    The axial position of the compressor piston 245 within the gas spring cylinder 231 is controlled by actuator 250 and is not affected by changes in the volume and pressure of the gas in chamber 235b, which result from the oscillations of piston 210, 240, previously described . In particular, shaft 220 extends axially through actuator 250 to ram 251. Actuator 250 moves axially along shaft 220 to adjust the axial position of compressor piston 245 within cylinder 231 via fork 249. In this embodiment , actuator 250 includes a position sensor (not shown) that allows a control system to measure and detect the axial position of the compressor piston 245 relative to cylinder 231 at any time. In general, the control system can measure and detect the axial position of compressor piston 245 in any suitable manner known to those skilled in the art. In this mode, actuator 250 is driven by an electric motor.
    Before the operation of the source 200, the mass of gas in the inner chamber 204 enclosed by the housing 201 will be such that the piston 210, at rest, is positioned axially close to the median point of its potential range of motion and is not close to the bearing 221. This can be accomplished by pumping a gas, such as compressed air into or out of the inner chamber 204 via supply line (s) 207.
    To start the operation of the marine seismic source 200, the actuator 250 retracts axially the compressor piston 245 inside the cylinder 231 towards the end 201b in relation to the piston 240. As a result, the compressor piston 245 moves axially towards the end 201b, the volume in chamber 235b increases and the pressure in chamber 235b decreases. Hydraulic ram 251 is then used to stimulate shaft 220 and pistons 210, 240 for oscillating axial movement so that acoustic energy is radiated from piston 210 to surrounding water 111 at end 201a. This can be accomplished by producing a large initial axial displacement with hydraulic ram 251 and then allowing pistons 210, 240 to oscillate freely, by applying an axial force proportional to the speed of piston 210, so that it makes it negatively damped and oscillates with increasing amplitude until the radiated acoustic energy and the losses due to friction cause loss of energy sufficient to limit the oscillations, through the application of an axial force proportional to the speed signal of the piston 210 so that it it becomes similarly dampened negatively, or through a combination of these methods. The application of a speed-dependent force can be performed using a simple feedback system of a speed or position sensor attached to any part of piston 210 or shaft 220 in any suitable manner.
    initial displacement of piston 210 can be obtained by applying an axial force with hydraulic ram 251, as previously described, or by temporarily removing gas from the inner chamber 204, locking piston 210 in its axially displaced position with elements corresponding locking elements 212, 213 extending from piston 210 and housing 201, respectively, returning the gas to the inner chamber 204 and then releasing locks 212, 213. Alternatively, it can be produced by retracting, axially from piston 245 in towards end 201b, so that piston 240 and, therefore, piston 210, are displaced axially, locking piston 210 as previously described, returning piston 245 to its first position and then releasing locks 212, 213.
    Once the initial oscillation of piston 210 is triggered, the pneumatic spring assembly 230 with axial forces applied to piston 210 by water 111 (ie, water pressure and the inertia of the water body that moves with piston 210 ). Exemplary methods for initiating and maintaining these resonant piston oscillations in a marine seismic source (for example, source 200) are disclosed in PCT Patent Application Serial No. PCT / GB2009 / 050690, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.
    As previously described, many conventional alternative piston marine seismic sources, such as the one shown in figure 1, include an alternative piston with a flat or flat surface facing the water (e.g., the flat surface 20a of piston 20). In addition, the piston is typically positioned inside the cylinder, resulting in a recess or cavity filled with water, at the open end of the cylinder (e.g., the water filled cavity 21, at the open end 15a of the cylinder 15). However, the fluid dynamics computational model (CFD) has indicated that for relatively low frequencies and large ranges of motion of the piston, the flat surface and annular ferrule combine to produce undesirable turbulence in the water near the open end of the cylinder. This turbulence and associated vortexes undesirably cause a portion of the energy generated by the piston to be dissipated unnecessarily in the heat, thereby reducing the potential acoustic energy and the overall acoustic efficiency of the device. Similarly, at higher frequencies and shallow water depth, the movement of the piston can induce cavitation, producing an unwanted impulsive sound, possibly damaging the device and reducing the acoustic efficiency of the device. However, as described below, the marine seismic source modalities 200 described herein offer the potential to reduce such undesirable turbulence and / or cavitation.
    Referring once again to figures 4 to 6, as previously described, in this embodiment, piston 210 does not include a flat or flat face that connects with water; rather, piston 210 includes a continuously contoured bullet-shaped section 217 that connects with water to generate pulses of acoustic energy. In addition, in this embodiment, piston 210 extends axially through the open end 201a of housing 201 and piston 210 and housing 201 are dimensioned and configured so that the source 200 does not include a cavity or recess filled with water at the open end. 201a.
    Referring now to figures 7 and 8, computational modeling in fluid dynamics (CFD) has indicated that for low frequencies (for example, less than 3 Hz) and large amplitudes (for example, greater than 200 mm of amplitude) peak to peak) piston movement, the uniformly contoured bullet piston 210 and housing 201 with an open end without ferrule 201a offer the potential to reduce undesirable turbulence in water 111, when compared to some alternative piston marine seismic sources conventional (for example, source 10). For example, in figure 7, CFD modeling illustrates water velocity vectors 12 near the open end 15a of cylinder 15 and on the flat face 20a of piston 20 from a conventional seismic source 10 (figure 1); and, in figure 8, the CFD modeling illustrates water velocity vectors 111, near the open end 201a of housing 201 and the end 210a of piston 210 of a seismic source modality 200 (figures 4 - 6). The results of CFD modeling shown in figures 7 and 8 illustrate that the seismic source 200, including piston 210, with a continuously contoured bullet-shaped outer surface 216, and open end without ferrule 201a, generated less turbulence in the water when compared to the conventional seismic source 10 with flat face piston 20 and the cylinder 15, including the flange 18 extending radially from its open end 15a. These reductions in turbulence offer the potential to reduce unwanted energy dissipation, thereby increasing acoustic efficiency. A piston having a non-flat, generally flat, water-facing surface (for example, the outer surface 216 of piston 210, along the first section 217) also offers the potential to substantially reduce the force required to activate the piston by reducing the apparent fluid inertia, as seen by the piston. Without being limited by this or any particular theory, in seismic applications, the force required to overcome fluid inertia is much greater than drag forces and a bullet-shaped piston offers the potential to reduce apparent fluid inertia at least 50%. This reduction in force leads to a similar reduction in pressure displacements on the piston face, thus reducing the risk of cavitation.
    It should also be appreciated that the end cap 202 of housing 201 is also bullet-shaped and has a profile, in general, parabolic. During the operation of the source 200, the housing 201 and therefore the end cap 202 alternate axially as the piston 210 alternates within the housing 210. In general, the axial movement of the housing 201 is less than the axial movement of piston 210 and depends, at least in part, on the relative masses of piston 210 and housing 201. In this embodiment, the amplitude of alternating housing 201 is about 10% of the amplitude of alternating piston 210. The cover bullet-shaped end cap 202 offers the potential for benefits similar to that of a bullet-shaped piston 210 (eg, reduced turbulence, reduced inertial resistance to movement, etc.).
    In figure 3, a source mode 200 is shown towed behind a research vessel 101. In general, source 200 can be oriented in any suitable manner. For example, the source 200 may be oriented with the central geometric axis 205 of the cylinder substantially horizontal, substantially vertical or at an acute angle to the horizontal. Also, in a horizontal orientation, the source 200 can be oriented with the first end 210a in a forward or rear position, or perpendicular to the direction of movement of the ship. For vertical and sharp orientations, the source 200 is preferably oriented with the first end 210a of piston 210 generally facing downwards in the water. To reduce flow separation and therefore unstable forces at the tip of the piston nose, source 200 is preferably towed behind the research vessel 101 horizontally, with the first end 210a of piston 210 in a forward position. This acts to increase fluid pressure at exactly the point where cavitation is most likely, thereby minimizing the opportunity for cavitation. Another preferred geometry is to tow a first fin-like end 210a of piston 210 in a rear position.
    In general, the alternative piston seismic source components 200 described herein (for example, piston 210, housing 201, shaft 220, etc.) can be made of any suitable material, including, without limitation, metals and metal alloys (for example, aluminum, stainless steel, etc.), non-metals (for example, ceramics, polymers, etc.), compounds (for example, carbon fibers and epoxy compounds, etc.) or combinations thereof. Once the piston (for example, piston 210) and the cylinder (for example, housing 201) are exposed to underwater conditions, each preferably comprises a hard, durable material capable of resisting corrosion caused by exposure salt water, such as inconel or nickel or inconel coated stainless steel.
    Although preferred modalities have been shown and described, modifications to them can be made by someone skilled in the technique, without departing from the scope or the teachings placed here. The modalities described here are exemplary only and not limiting. Many variations and modifications of the systems, apparatus and processes described herein are possible and are within the scope of the invention. For example, the relative dimensions of various parts, the materials from which the various parts are made and other parameters can be varied. As a result, the scope of protection is not limited to the modalities described here, but is limited only by the claims that follow, the scope of which will include all equivalents of the matter that is the subject of the claims.
    权利要求:
    Claims (25)
    [1]
    1, characterized by the fact that it still comprises a pneumatic spring assembly disposed within the housing, in which the pneumatic spring assembly is coupled to the piston and is positioned axially between the piston and the closed end of the housing.
    1, characterized by the fact that the piston outer surface is continuously contoured.
    1, characterized by the fact that the piston has a bullet-shaped outer surface extending from the first end.
    1. Marine seismic source characterized by the fact that it comprises:
    a housing having a central axis, an open end and a closed end opposite the open end;
    a piston extending co-axially through the open end of the housing, where the piston is configured to alternate axially with respect to the housing;
    wherein the piston has a first distal end of the housing and a second end disposed within the housing;
    wherein the piston includes a first section extending axially from the first end and a second section extending axially from the second end to the first section;
    wherein the first section has an external radius R1 and the second section has an external radius R2;
    wherein the external radius R1 increases continuously, moving axially from the first end to the second section;
    where the outer radius R2 of the second section is constant between the second end and the first section.
    [2]
    2/8
    2. Marine seismic source, according to the claim
    Petition 870190112607, of 11/04/2019, p. 10/26
    [3]
    3/8
    3. Marine seismic source, according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that the external surface of the piston is convex between the first end and the second section.
    [4]
    4/8 claim 1, characterized by the fact that the external surface of the piston along the first section has a geometry in profile view selected from a parabolic, conical and hemispherical shape.
    4. Marine seismic source, according to claim 1, characterized in that the second piston section slidably fits an internal surface of the housing at the open end.
    [5]
    5/8 end;
    wherein the outer surface of the housing at the first end of the housing tapers radially inward with respect to the external surface of the piston.
    5. Marine seismic source, according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that the external radius R1 is equal to the external radius R2 at an intersection of the first section and the second section.
    [6]
    6/8 external R1 is zero at the first piston end.
    6. Marine seismic source, according to claim 5, characterized by the fact that the external radius R1 is zero at the first piston end.
    [7]
    7/8 where the piston has an outer surface arranged in a radius R;
    wherein the piston includes a first section extending axially from the first end and a second section extending axially from the second end to the first section;
    wherein the radius R increases continuously moving axially along the first section from the first end to the second section;
    wherein the radius R is constant, moving axially along the second section from the second end to the first section; and where the outer surface of the piston is continuously contoured.
    7. Marine seismic source, according to claim
    [8]
    8/8 accommodation.
    8. Marine seismic source, according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that the housing has a tapered external surface at the open end.
    Petition 870190112607, of 11/04/2019, p. 11/26
    [9]
    9. Marine seismic source, according to claim
    [10]
    10. Marine seismic source, according to claim 9, characterized by the fact that it still comprises an axle that extends axially between the second piston end and the pneumatic spring assembly, in which the pneumatic spring assembly comprises:
    a pneumatic spring cylinder;
    a pneumatic spring piston arranged co-axially in the pneumatic spring cylinder, in which the pneumatic spring piston is fixed to the shaft;
    an annular compressor piston positioned around the shaft and co-axially disposed in the pneumatic spring cylinder and axially spaced from the pneumatic spring piston, in which the pneumatic spring piston is positioned axially between
    the piston of compressor and the piston; and one linear actuator coupled to compressor piston, in that the linear actuator is adapted to move the piston in
    compressor axially in relation to the axis.
    [11]
    11. Marine seismic source, according to
    Petition 870190112607, of 11/04/2019, p. 12/26
    [12]
    12. Marine seismic source, according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that the alternative piston has an external surface comprising a fin.
    [13]
    13. Marine seismic source, characterized by the fact that it comprises:
    a cylindrical housing having a central geometric axis, a first end, a second end opposite the first end, and a radially radially external surface extending from the first end to the second end;
    a piston arranged at least partially within the housing, where the piston is adapted to alternate, axially with respect to the housing;
    wherein the piston has a first end, a second end opposite the first end and a radially external surface extending between the first end and the second end;
    where the external surface of the piston is arranged in an external radius R that increases by moving axially from the first
    Petition 870190112607, of 11/04/2019, p. 13/26
    [14]
    14. Marine seismic source according to claim 13, characterized by the fact that the piston includes a first section extending axially from the first end of the piston and a second section extending axially from the second end of the piston to the first piston section;
    where the external radius R increases by moving axially from the first piston end to the second piston end and where the external radius R is constant in the second section.
    [15]
    15. Marine seismic source, according to claim 14, characterized by the fact that the external surface of the piston is convex between the first end and the second section.
    [16]
    16. Marine seismic source, according to claim 14, characterized by the fact that the second piston section slidably fits an internal surface of the housing.
    [17]
    17. Marine seismic source, according to claim 13, characterized by the fact that the radius
    Petition 870190112607, of 11/04/2019, p. 14/26
    [18]
    18. Marine seismic source, according to claim 13, characterized by the fact that the external surface of the piston is continuously contoured.
    [19]
    19. Marine seismic source, according to claim 13, characterized by the fact that it also comprises a pneumatic spring cylinder arranged inside the housing, in which the pneumatic spring cylinder is coupled to the piston and is positioned axially between the piston and the second end of the housing.
    [20]
    20. System for carrying out offshore seismic exploration operations, characterized by the fact that it comprises:
    a seismic vessel, disposed on the sea surface;
    an oscillating piston seismic source coupled to the seismic vessel and disposed below the sea surface;
    where the seismic source comprises:
    a cylindrical housing having a central geometric axis and an open end;
    a piston arranged co-axially in the housing and extending axially through the open end of the housing;
    wherein the piston has a first end outside the housing and a second end disposed within the housing;
    Petition 870190112607, of 11/04/2019, p. 15/26
    [21]
    21. System according to claim 20, characterized by the fact that the piston has an external parabolic profile extending from the first end towards the second end.
    [22]
    22. System according to claim 20, characterized by the fact that the external surface of the piston is convex between the first end and the second section.
    [23]
    23. System according to claim 20, characterized by the fact that the second piston section slidably fits an internal surface of the piston
    Petition 870190112607, of 11/04/2019, p. 16/26
    [24]
    24. System according to claim 20, characterized by the fact that it still comprises a streamer coupled to the seismic vessel, in which the streamer includes a plurality of seismic receivers.
    [25]
    25. System, according the claim 20, featured fur fact that still understands an plurality of receivers seismic arranged over of
    marine soil.
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    同族专利:
    公开号 | 公开日
    EA201270669A1|2013-05-30|
    EA201590893A1|2015-09-30|
    NZ600948A|2014-06-27|
    CA2785657A1|2011-07-28|
    CA2891608C|2017-01-24|
    WO2011090743A3|2011-11-10|
    CA2891608A1|2011-07-28|
    MX2012007744A|2012-11-12|
    EP2602644A1|2013-06-12|
    US8387744B2|2013-03-05|
    BR112012016276A2|2016-05-31|
    US20110162906A1|2011-07-07|
    AU2010343107A1|2012-07-26|
    EP2519837A2|2012-11-07|
    EA026466B1|2017-04-28|
    EP2602644B1|2015-07-01|
    EP2519837B1|2013-11-27|
    DK2519837T3|2014-01-13|
    CA2785657C|2016-04-26|
    EA025332B1|2016-12-30|
    WO2011090743A2|2011-07-28|
    AU2010343107B2|2014-03-27|
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    法律状态:
    2019-01-08| B06F| Objections, documents and/or translations needed after an examination request according [chapter 6.6 patent gazette]|
    2019-08-06| B06U| Preliminary requirement: requests with searches performed by other patent offices: procedure suspended [chapter 6.21 patent gazette]|
    2020-01-14| B09A| Decision: intention to grant [chapter 9.1 patent gazette]|
    2020-03-03| B16A| Patent or certificate of addition of invention granted|Free format text: PRAZO DE VALIDADE: 20 (VINTE) ANOS CONTADOS A PARTIR DE 19/12/2010, OBSERVADAS AS CONDICOES LEGAIS. |
    优先权:
    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    US29061109P| true| 2009-12-29|2009-12-29|
    US61/290,611|2009-12-29|
    PCT/US2010/062329|WO2011090743A2|2009-12-29|2010-12-29|Marine seismic source|
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